151 CURRENT AFFAIRS ( GK QUESTIONS)-1.

1)Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation has launched its first analogue space mission in which city?

ANSWER:-- Leh.

2) Recently, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for the Prime Minister of which country?

ANSWER:-- Israel. 

3) According to a recent report, which country is the most targeted nation for mobile malware attacks(2024)?

ANSWER:-- India. 

4) “Soyuz spacecraft”, recently seen in the news, belongs to which country?

ANSWER:-- Russia.

OTHER NEWS :-- 

*** Unpublished photograph released

The British Royal Family today released a never-before-seen photograph of Queen Elizabeth. This photograph was taken at Balmarol in 1971. In the photograph, she is seen walking in the pastures with a stick in her hand. (21 SEPTEMBER 2022. LOKMAT MARATHI NEWSPAPER).

*** Six agreements between India and Egypt

Cairo: India and Egypt today signed six MoUs to enhance cooperation in the field of defence. Defense Minister Rajnath Singh has arrived in Egypt for a three-day visit and today he met Egyptian Defense Minister General Mohammed Zaki. ( 21 SEPTEMBER 2022. Lokmat Marathi newspaper)

*** Switzerland == The country's two biggest banks, UBS Group AG and Credit Suisse are set to sign an all-share deal after the former offered to buy the latter for up to $1 billion. (The times of India. March20, 2023.)

5) Who has been appointed as the 51st Chief Justice of India?

ANSWER:-- Justice Sanjiv Khanna.

6) What is “Bio-decomposer”, recently mentioned in news?

ANSWER:-- Microbial liquid spray.

7) India has recently joined which global platform to enhance its domestic energy efficiency?

ANSWER:-- International Energy Efficiency Hub.

8) Who recently laid the foundation stone of the Ken-Betwa River Link Project (Dec-2024)?

ANSWER:-- Narendra Modi.

9) In which city was the statue of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee unveiled recently (Dec-2024)?

ANSWER:-- Lucknow.

10) Which country is building the world's largest hydroelectric dam (Dec-2024)?

ANSWER:-- China.

11) Which state government has announced free dialysis for chronic kidney patients in government hospitals?

ANSWER:-- Haryana. 

12) Recently the Bald Eagle has been officially declared the national bird of which country (Dec-2024)?

ANSWER:-- USA. 

13) Typhoon Kong-rey has hit which country recently?

ANSWER:-- Taiwan.

14) The ancient Bronze Age town of Al-Natah was recently discovered in which country?

ANSWER:-- Saudi Arabia.

15) Which ministry has recently(2024) launched the ‘VisioNxt web portal’?

ANSWER:-- Ministry of Textiles.

16) Where will the World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025 be held?

ANSWER:-- New Delhi.

17) Which state in the United States hosts the Sundance Film Festival?

ANSWER:-- Utah.

18) Which animal rescue centre has created a chain-free sanctuary for 20 elephants that were rescued from the logging industry in Arunachal Pradesh?

ANSWER:-- Vantara.

19) Which state introduced the CET-ATAL (Assessment, Tests and Learning) online education system(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Maharashtra.

20) Who presented the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award to Manu Bhaker and Gukesh Dommaraju(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Droupadi Murmu.

21) Which company has partnered with Bharti Airtel to create a digital financial platform in India(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Bajaj Finance.

22) Who has been elected as the president of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India for 2025?

ANSWER:-- Dhananjay Shukla.

23)  Which Bollywood actor attended the Arjuna Award ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Kartik Aaryan.

24) Which city earned the title of India's 'Cleanest City' for the seventh consecutive year(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Indore.

25) Who has been appointed as India's chief javelin throw coach(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Sergey Makarov.

26) Which Indian Airline recently introduced AI-driven booking for quick flight reservations (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Air India.

27) Which athlete clinched gold in the 60-metre hurdles event at the Elite Indoor Meeting in Nantes, France, with a national record time of 8.04 seconds?

ANSWER:-- Jyothi Yarraji.

28) Which organization launched a film series titled “Ayush for All: Holistic Health Care under National Ayush Mission (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Ministry of Ayush.

29)Where was the first overseas campus of ‘Symbiosis International University’ inaugurated recently (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Dubai.

30) Which advanced nuclear reactors are India and France co-developing?

ANSWER:-- Small modular Reactors (SMR) and Advanced Modular Reactor (AMR).

31)* As a means to boost the drone industry,what percentage of Indian airspace was designated as a"green zone," enabling easier drone operations?

ANSWER:-- 90%.

32) Who welcomed Qatar's Amir, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, on his first visit to India in nine years (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Narendra Modi.

33) Which Bollywood actress was honored by Smriti Irani at the MEWA India 2025 conclave for her plant-based meat venture?

ANSWER:-- Genelia D'Souza.

34)Who was honored as the BBC Indian Sportswoman of the year (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Manu Bhaker.

35) With which company has Boing partnered to advance the development of sustainable aviation fuel in India(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Hindustan Petroleum.

36)* The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has proposed a draft policy to conduct two board examinations from which year?

ANSWER:-- Year 2026.

37)* Which country has recently announced the launch of "Gold Card Visa"?

ANSWER:-- America.

38) Recently, Muthoot Finance has received approval from the Reserve Bank of India to open how many new branches (2025) ?

ANSWER:-- 115.

39)* Recently, NAKSHA scheme initiative has been launched by which Ministry (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Ministry of Rural Development.

40) Who has recently inaugurated 'Jhumur Binandini' at Sarusajai Stadium in Assam(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

41)* According to a recent report, what percentage of rice and wheat production is being lost due to coal-based power plants in India(2025)?

ANSWER:-- 10%.

42) Where has the 74th Foundation Day of Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) been celebrated recently(2025)?

ANSWER:-- New Delhi.

43) Who has been appointed as Principle Secretary-2 to Prime Minister Narendra Modi?

ANSWER:-- Shaktikanta Das.

44) Which businessman pledged a Rs.50000 crore investment in Assam (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Mukesh Ambani.

45)* Which bank has recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force(2025)?

ANSWER:-- Punjab National Bank.

46)* In which state was HIV self-testing implementation recently tested (2025)?

ANSWER:-- Mizoram.

47)* Recently, the lander 'Blue Ghost' of which country's private company landed on the moon?

ANSWER:-- America.

48)* Where has the Cabinet recently approved the development of a 12.9 km ropeway project(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Uttarakhand.

49)* Who has recently inaugurated the second edition of "Amrit Mahotsav of Diversity"?

ANSWER:-- President Droupadi Murmu.

50)* Where has the Ministry of Panchayati Raj recently launched the "Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayat Initiative"(March2025)?

ANSWER:-- New Delhi.

51)* What is the theme of World Wildlife Day 2025 (March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Wildlife Conservation Finance: Investing in People and the Earth.

52)* Recently, how many lakh tons of thorium have been found by Chinese geologists in Mongolia (March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- 10 lakh tons.

53)* Recently, how many crores of rupees has the Union Cabinet approved for the Livestock Health Programme (March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- ₹3880 Crore.

54)* Recently, which edition of the International Food and Hospitality Fair - Aahar has been organized(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- 39th.

55) Where was Mobile World Congress 2025 organized recently(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Spain.

56)* In which state was HIV self-testing implementation recently tested (March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- Mizoram.

57) Which country is participating with India in the naval exercise 'Indra' (March 2025)? ANSWER :-- Russia.

58) Which operation was recently launched by India to send 15 tonnes of aid to Myanmar after the massive earthquake (April 2025)? ANSWER :--Operation Brahma.

59) Which state is set to establish two hydropower projects in the Lahaul-Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh? ANSWER :-- Telangana.

60) Which organisation signed a defence deal with India for 156 home-built Light Combat Helicopters called 'Prachand'? ANSWER :-- Hindustan Aeronautical Limited.

61) *The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has proposed a draft policy to conduct two board examinations from which year (March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Year 2026.

 62) Who inaugurated the Anant Nagar Housing Scheme under the Lucknow Development Authority (2025)? ANSWER :--Yogi Adityanath.

63) Who will become the second Indian to fly to space on Axiom Mission 4 (2025)? ANSWER :--Shubhanshu Shukla.

64) With which country did India recently sign a landmark defence cooperation pact (March 2025) ? ANSWER :--Sri Lanka.

65) Delhi recently inked an MoU with the Centre to implement which scheme(2025)? ANSWER :--Ayushman Bharat Yojana.

66) Which company secured an order worth Rs 2,210 crore from the Indian Air Force (March 2025)? ANSWER :--Bharat Electronics.

67) Which airport has introduced a brand-new luxury bus service to Agra? ANSWER :--Indira Gandhi International Airport.

68) Which Indian politician received the 'City Key of Honour' of Lisbon City at an event in Portugal (2025)? ANSWER :--Droupadi Murmu.

69) Who has been appointed as the new Finance Secretary of India(2025)?

ANSWER :-- Ajay Seth.

70) With which country did India recently sign a defence cooperation pact ( March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- New Zealand.

71) Who has been appointed as Additional Solicitor General for Bombay High Court (March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- Anil Singh.

72) *According to the first survey of river dolphins, what is the number of dolphins in India(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- 6327.

73)* Where was the World Sustainable Development Summit 2025 inaugurated recently(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- New Delhi.

74) *Recently, with which country has India signed an agreement to promote cooperation in the water, sanitation, and health sector(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Nepal.

75) *Which company recently started testing hydrogen-powered heavy trucks for long-distance transportation (March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- TATA MOTORS.

76)*Which country recently announced a 7.2% increase in its defence budget(March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- China.

77) Which scheme was recently approved by the Delhi government to provide Rs. 2500 financial assistance to poor women(March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- Mahila Samriddhi Yojna.

78) Flamingo Festival 2025 is celebrated in which state? ANSWER :--Andhra Pradesh.

79)Which country hosted the first-ever African Urban Heat Summit in February 2025? ANSWER :--Sierra Leone.

80)* What is the primary objective of the recently held ‘Sea Dragon 2025’ naval exercise (March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Strengthen anti-submarine warfare capabilities.

81) *With which country India recently discussed strengthening economic ties through a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (March 2025)?

 ANSWER:-- United Kingdom.

82) *On International Women’s Day, which publication was released by the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Life and Contribution of Women Members of the Constituent Assembly.

83)* What is the duration of the Indian Navy’s Capstone battlefield-level operational exercise (TROPEX) for 2025?

ANSWER:-- January to March 2025.

84) Which Institute is set to establish a campus in Auroville near Puducherry(March 2025)?

ANSWER :-- IIT Madras.

85) Which institute recently hosted its first-ever Model United Nations conference, Anveshan 2025(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- IIM Shillong.

86) Who is inaugurated Godrej's first greenfield consumer products plant in Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu (March2025)?

ANSWER :-- M.K. Stalin.

87) Which Rs. 1000- crore plant Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu inaugurated in Tirupati(March2025)?

ANSWER :-- Green Hydrogen.

88) Which cricket player has been nominated for the Laureus World Comeback of the Year award?

ANSWER :-- Rishabh Pant.

89) Which airport has recently launched an AI-enabled system to streamline operations(March2025)?

ANSWER :-- Indira Gandhi International Airport.

90)* What is 'Vantara' related to, which recently inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi(March2025)?

ANSWER:-- A wildlife conservation initiative.

91) *Name the Union Environment Minister which recently inaugurated the World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) 2025 in New Delhi(March2025)?

ANSWER:-- Bhupendra Yadav.

92)*Which organization proposed the establishment of a task force to adopt protective measures on global quantum progress(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- NITI Aayog.

93) *Recently, Britain has announced 2 billion dollar deals for which purpose with Ukraine(March2025)?

ANSWER:-- to finance air defense missiles.

94) *Recently, by which ministry “Strong Panchayat- Netri Abhiyaan” was launched(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Ministry of Panchayati Raj.

95)*on which date was 'International Wheelchair Day' celebrated?

ANSWER:-- 1March.

96) *Recently, Which space agency is preparing to launch the SPHEREX telescope (March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- ISRO.

97)* Recently, which initiative has been started by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship in collaboration with NITI Aayog to promote women entrepreneurship(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- self-reliant (Swawalambini).

98)* Recently to which organization the Central Government has given 25'th Navratna status(March 2025)?

ANSWER:-- to Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited.

99) The Delhi government's Vaya Vandana Yojana is a health insurance-cum-pension scheme designed to benefit which group(April2025)? ANSWER:-- Senior citizens.

100) Which country did India partner with to acquire 26 Rafale jets for the Navy(April2025)? ANSWER:-- France.

101) Which state showcased its digital transformation at India's Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York(April2025)? ANSWER:-- Uttar Pradesh.

102) Which technology company recently launched the first 27 satellites of its Kuiper broadband internet constellation(April2025)? ANSWER:-- Amazon.

103) According to the March 2025 ComScore rankings, which is India's most-read digital news platform? ANSWER:-- Network18 Group.

104) Which city has introduced AI-enabled water dispensers at bus terminals(April2025)? ANSWER:-- Delhi.

105)* Where among the following will be the Payment Security Summit and Awards 2025 be held(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- Maharashtra.

106)* Which country has currently become the third largest biofuel producing country in the world(April 2025)?

ANSWER:-- India.

107) Recently, where has the Central Government approved the Namrup-IV fertilizer plant(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- Assam.

108) Recently, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved Tata Sons to increase its stake in Tata Play by how much percentage(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- 10%.

109) When was the United Nations French Language Day celebrated recently(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- 20 March.

110) Where was Kabaddi World Cup 2025 held recently(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- England.

111) How many years has India’s first satellite Aryabhata recently completed(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- 35 Years.

112) What is the reduced road tax percentage on electric vehicles by Gujarat government

(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- 1%.

113) Which state recently launched the ‘Gauravshali Mahilayein’ honour scheme

(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- Maharashtra.

114) Which state recently launched the 'Mukhyamantri Khel Prerna Yojana'(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- Rajasthan.

115) At present, the government has doubled the credit guarantee scheme for startups to how many crore rupees(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- 20 crores.

116)On which date is 'Global Accessibility Awareness Day' celebrated recently(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- 18 May.

117) Which state has launched 'Eti Koli Duti Pat' scheme for tea garden workers(April2025)?

ANSWER:-- Assam.

118) Recently, FIFA lifted the suspension imposed on the Football Federation of which country(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Republic of Congo.

119) *Who has recently launched the 'Campus Calling' initiative(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- National Commission for Women.

120) *In which state did Union Fisheries Minister Rajiv Ranjan lay the foundation stone of the Integrated Water Park(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Tripura.

121) *Which Satyajit Ray film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival this year(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Aranyer Din Ratri.

122) S. Jaishankar did Holds talks recently with which country's defence minister(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Netherlands.

123) Tamil Nadu government recently signed an MoU with which space agency to provide space education to students(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- ISRO.

124) Where was the 8th Indian International Science Festival (IISF) recently held(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Kolkata.

125) Recently,Which state has announced to set up five ultra-modern seed parks(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Uttar Pradesh.

126) Which ministry has launched the Honorary Rank Promotion Scheme for retiring personnal of CAPF's and Assam Rifles?

ANSWER:-- Ministry of Home Affairs.

127) Which Bollywood actress was recently appointed as the Global Tourism Ambassador of Maldives(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Katrina Kaif.

128) Which Union Minister recently launched the UMEED portal(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Kiren Rijiju.

129) Which organization signed an MoU with CRIS to develop multilingual AI solutions for Indian Railways(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Digital India Bhashini Division.

130) The Archaeological Survey of India recently discovered a Neolithic rock groove in which district of Tamil Nadu?

ANSWER:-- Kanniyakumari.

131) *Recently, the Bikram Lock Canal Bank Solar Power Project was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of which state (June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Bihar.

132) Where has Garuda Aerospace's new agricultural drone indigenization facility been inaugurated recently(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Chennai.

133) In which city will a new helicopter manufacturing plant be set up by Max Aerospace & Aviation(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Nagpur.

134) Which city is set to get its first water metro service(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Patna.

135) Which company has launched India's first Bond Analyser to decode fixed-income investing(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Jiraaf.

136) With which country did India recently sign an MoU to introduce UPI services?

ANSWER:-- Cyprus.

137) Which Indian port recently welcomed the world's largest container ship, MSC IRINA?

ANSWER:-- Vizhinjam International Seaport.

138) Which state government recently announced a 20% reservation for ex-Agniveers in police and fire services(May2025)?

ANSWER:-- Uttar Pradesh.

139) Which city is set to unveil the country's largest tunnel-style aquarium?

ANSWER:-- Hyderabad.

140) Dr. Srinivas Mukkamala became the first person of Indian origin to be elected president of which prestigious organization(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- American Medical Association (AMA).

141) Recently, which state has launched an innovative afforestation project called 'Vithoot' (Seed Rain)(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Kerala.

142) *Recently, which state's cashew-based liquor 'Feni' has been granted Geographical Indication (GI)(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Goa.

143) *A contingent of the Indian Army reached Ulaanbaatar, the capital of which country, on June 11, 2025 to participate in “Khan Quest”?

ANSWER:-- Mongolia.

144) *India's first gene-edited sheep has been developed by researchers from which institution, recently(June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Kashmir Agricultural University.

145) *Tata and Airbus announced the setup of the first private helicopter assembly line in which state, recently (June2025)?

ANSWER:-- Karnataka.

146) Which school won the NASA‑NSS Space Settlement Design Contest 2025? ANSWER:-- S.R.N. Mehta CBSE School, Kalaburagi.

147) *Which project has India recently launched to strengthen its air security(June2025 2025)?

ANSWER:-- Project Kusha.

148) *Which position has India achieved in the recently published Henley Passport Index, 2025(July 2025)?

ANSWER:-- 77th.

149) What AI-powered system did Delhi Police upgrade to combat cybercrime(JULY2025)?

ANSWER:-- Netra.

150) Which Indian astronaut launched into space as part of the Axiom-4 mission(JULY2025)?

ANSWER:-- Shubhanshu Shukla.

151) Which Indian athlete reclaimed the World No. 1 spot in men's javelin rankings(JULY2025)?

ANSWER:-- Neeraj Chopra.

***These changes are likely to take place from 1 November 2024.

1) Possibility of change in LPG CNG - PNG rates.

2) Instructions to SIM companies to block spam calls.

3) Possibility of change in price of domestic, commercial gas cylinders.

4) A finance charge of Rs 3.75 per month will be levied on SBI credit cards.

5) In case of transaction of more than 15 lakh rupees in mutual fund, it is mandatory to give the information to the compliance officer within two days.

6) Bank will be closed for 13 days in this month.

#BORDER GAVASKAR TROPHY

 BORDER GAVASKAR TROPHY
Ind Vs Aus

India vs Australia: The Epic Saga of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy. It is named after former Australian captain Allan Border and Indian captain Sunil Gavaskar.

Cricket, in India and Australia, is more than just a sport; it's a religion, a passion, and a way of life. When these two cricketing powerhouses clash in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy, it’s not just about bat and ball—it’s a battle of grit, strategy, and legacy. Named after two legendary cricketers, Allan Border and Sunil Gavaskar, the trophy epitomizes the fierce yet respectful rivalry between India and Australia.

A Rivalry Like No Other

The Border-Gavaskar Trophy has evolved into one of the most celebrated contests in cricket history. From its inception in 1996, when Australia toured India, this series has provided countless moments of drama, resilience, and brilliance. Each edition unfolds like a gripping drama, with players pushing their limits to imprint their names into cricketing tradition.

While the Ashes is infused in tradition, the Border-Gavaskar Trophy is a modern rivalry that has gained a global fan base. It's not just the on-field action but the cultural and emotional undertones that add to the excitement. Both nations have contrasting styles—India’s spin dominance on turning tracks versus Australia’s pace arsenal on bouncy pitches—which creates a fascinating contest every time.

Unforgettable Moments

Cricket fans still talk about the iconic 2001 Kolkata Test, where VVS Laxman and Rahul Dravid scripted a miraculous turnaround. Following on, India turned the match on its head, ultimately winning the Test and the series. That match is a evidence to the unpredictability and excitement of this rivalry.

Fast forward to 2020-21, and the script seemed even more unbelievable. After being bowled out for just 36 in Adelaide, India made a heroic comeback under Ajinkya Rahane's captaincy. Despite injuries and the absence of key players, India pulled off a historic series win, ending in the dramatic victory at the Gabba—Australia's fortress for over three decades.

The Players Who Define the Rivalry :-

Over the years, players like Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, Anil Kumble, Shane Warne, Virat Kohli, and Steve Smith have given their all in these contests. Tendulkar’s masterclass in Sharjah, Harbhajan Singh’s "Turbanator" spell in 2001, and Nathan Lyon’s knack for picking wickets in India are moments etched in the memories of fans.

Today, the rivalry is carried forward by modern stars like Rohit Sharma, Pat Cummins, Ravichandran Ashwin, and Marnus Labuschagne. Their duels are keenly anticipated, as fans eagerly watch to see who will emerge victorious.

Beyond Cricket :-

The Border-Gavaskar Trophy is not just about winning or losing; it’s about showcasing the character and resilience of the two teams. It has also fostered a deep mutual respect. Off the field, the camaraderie between players from both nations shows that the sport can unite despite vicious competition.

The Future Awaits:- 

As the next series looms, fans from both nations are humming with predictions, debates, and excitement. Will Australia overcome the spinning cauldrons of India? Or will India conquer the fast, bouncy tracks Down Under? Each series is a new chapter in this riveting saga.

MS Dhoni won 8 matches of Border Gavaskar Trophy as a captain of India.

In the end, the Border-Gavaskar Trophy is more than a cricketing contest—it's a celebration of the sport itself, showcasing the highs, lows, and everything in between. One thing is certain: whenever India and Australia clash for this coveted prize, the world stops to watch.

 THE PANAMA CANAL 

>>>> The panama canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It's a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Panama Canal is within Panama - that is, the country of Panama is on each side. The length of canal is 82 kilometer (51 mile).  It serves as a vital link between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enabling ships to avoid the lengthy and hazardous voyage around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America. 

 An average depth of Panama is 13 m (43 ft) through the Gaillard (Culebra) Cut.

The Panama Canal's death toll is about 30,000, making it the construction project with the highest documented fatality rate in the world.

>>>The Panama Canal Officially opened on August 15, 1914. The Panama Canal uses a system of locks to lift ships 26 meters (85 feet) above sea level to the artificial Gatun Lake and then lower them back down. Gatun Lake, created by damming the Chagres River, serves as a critical part of the canal, providing the water needed for its lock operations. Built and once controlled by the U.S., the canal is now owned by Panama, which charges fees for passage. Freshwater from the basin's rivers was used to fill the locks, as seawater would have been costly to pump, and the salt content could have damaged the sluice gate mechanisms and affected the aquifers. One of the world's largest artificial lakes, Gatun, was constructed to accomplish this.

The Panama Canal is managed by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP), a Panamanian government agency, since December 31, 1999. 

The first ship to officially transit the canal was the SS Ancon on August 15, 1914.

Ships save an average of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometers) by using the canal instead of traveling around South America via the Cape Horn.

In 1914, the year it opened, about 1000 ships used the canal. Today, nearly 15,000 ships pass through the Isthmus of Panama via the Canal annually. The 1 Millionth ship crossed the canal in 2010, 96 years after it opened.

The American Society of Civil Engineers has also dubbed the Panama Canal one of the 7 Wonders of the Modern World. It's one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken.

>>>The Panama Canal revolutionized global trade by cutting the maritime distance between New York and San Francisco by approximately 13,000 kilometers (8,000 miles). Today, more than 14,000 vessels transit the canal annually, carrying everything from consumer goods to raw materials. The Panama Canal Authority continues to invest in sustainability to ensure the canal’s longevity and relevance. The Panama Canal was expanded for bigger ships in 2016.

The canal produce billions of dollars in revenue for Panama, making it a key contributor to the national economy. $2 Billion in Tolls are Collected Annually.

Panama is 40 miles long from shoreline to shoreline.

The charge for each transit was based upon the interior cargo or passenger-carrying capacity of a vessel. The woman swimmer, who to this day is the only woman to swim any part of the Canal, was Elaine May Golding. She was billed in the local press as the "champion lady swimmer of America."

>>> The Panama Canal remains a testament to human determination and imagination, transforming global trade and geopolitics since its inception. As it adapts to modern challenges, this iconic waterway continues to represent the power of engineering to shape the world’s economy and connect nations.

45 TONGUE TWISTER

Tongue twisters are helpful in improving your pronunciation. It helps in the proper functioning and movement of the tongue. You can practise tongue twisters every day.

1) If two witches would watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch?

2) How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?

3) Each Easter Eddie eats eighty Easter eggs.

4)  How many yaks could a yak pack, pack if a yak pack could pack yaks?

5) The great Greek grape growers grow great Greek grapes.

TONGUE TWISTER

6) Six sick hicks nick six slick bricks with picks and sticks.

7) A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk, but the stump thunk the skunk stunk. 

8) A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose.

9) Fresh fried fish, fish fresh fried, fried fish fresh, fish fried fresh.

10) She sales seashells by the seashore.

11) Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear.

12) A big black bear sat on a big black rug.

13) Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread.

14) Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.

If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,

Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

15) How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?

16) Susie works in a shoeshine shop. Where she shines she sits, and where she sits she shines.

17) I thought I thought of thinking of thanking you.

18) A big black bear sat on a big black rug.

19) Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely.

20) Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.

21) Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.

22) No need to light a night-light on a light night like tonight.

23) A synonym for cinnamon is a cinnamon synonym.

24) Rory the warrior and Roger the worrier were reared wrongly in a rural brewery.

25) The 33 thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.

26) I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.

27) If you notice this notice, you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing.

28) Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry.

29) Elizabeth has eleven elves in her elm tree.

30) Green glass globes glow greenly.

31) If you want to buy, buy, if you don't want to buy, bye bye!

32) A flea and a fly flew up in a flue.

33) Double bubble gum, bubbles double.

34) Kitty caught the kitten in the kitchen.

35) Susie works in a shoeshine shop. Where she shines she sits, and where she sits she shines.

36) If practice makes perfect and perfect needs practice, I’m perfectly practised and practically perfect.

37) Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. 38) How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

39) Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear. Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn’t very fuzzy, was he?

40) Frivolously fanciful Fannie fried fresh fish furiously.

41) A loyal warrior will rarely worry why we rule.

42) Which witch switched the Swiss wristwatches?

43) The blue bluebird blinks.

44) Eleven elves licked eleven little liquorice lollipops.

45) 

 

HOW TO GET SUCCESS IN LIFE

HOW TO GET SUCCESS IN LIFE

1) STORY :-- 

People who are accustomed to hard work never fail.

Success has to be achieved through effort. Elapsed time cannot be regained. It's not just the people who are buried in the grave and ascended to heaven that have problems, everyone else has problems. Only successful people can bring variety in life.

Every success there is a hard work and has a lots of confidence. In the case of Bill Gates, his teachers said that the boy would not succeed; But it was Bill Gates who made billions of rupees by revolutionizing computers.

Colonel Sanders was an excellent cook. On his 65th birthday, he hosted a chicken dinner for friends. The friend was happy and advised him to find a hotel. The same Colonel Sanders digested rejection in 299 places. At the 300th place, he got the job of cooking chicken. Within two and a half years of getting that job, Sanders had opened 13,000 hotels in 86 countries. His daily earnings are 27 lakh dollars.

Money comes automatically to a person who follows success. People who are accustomed to hard work never fail. Avoid doing what the ordinary people around you do to become successful, so that you become extraordinary. Knowledge can be acquired at any age. Bringing the skills is in your hands. Change your habits and you can become someone else. While acting you-we make excuses, God has given you mind, intellect, life, why do you live like an ant? It is impressed on our mind that we cannot succeed. So throw away the mental handicap.

A girl named Jessica Cox didn't have both hands; But she was not disappointed. She insists on flying with her father, and most notably, she flies with her feet.

Dreaming is your birthright. It is your duty to make the dream a reality. Even disabled people succeed in life due to tremendous self-confidence. You can change your life.

2) MORAL STORY :--

    There was a small boy one day he planted a bamboo and a cactus plant. He used to take care of both plants every day. A year has passed. The cactus grew, but the bamboo plant remained the same. The boy did not give up and continued to take care of both of them. Similarly, some months passed, but the boy continued to care for the bamboo plant without getting discouraged. After a few months the bamboo plant grew bigger and within a few days the bamboo plant grew bigger than the cactus.

Actually, the bamboo plant was strengthening its roots first, so it took some time to grow. The saint told the person that whenever there are struggles in our life, we should not get discouraged and should strengthen our roots in such situations. As our roots become stronger, we will move faster towards our goals. Until then one must be patient. Don't get tired as the technology is advancing at a fast pace, use the technology and solve your problems. For that, strengthen your foundation like this motivational story.

3) MORAL STORY :--

Life is so beautiful, experience will come to you, don't forget to try, you will find a way.

Life is a theater. Life is a two-fold game, life is a struggle, many definitions of life have been given by great men. Our life is a stream of experiences. Every person's view of life depends on his experiences. There will be ups and downs in life. Life is a play of sun and shade. There is rarely constant happiness or constant suffering. There is a situation where some are behind and some are ahead in the field.

There is so much to be desired in such a life,*

*What you want is not what you get*,

*Even if you get what you want, there is still a lot missing,*

*The sky is empty even when it is filled with moonlight.*

In fact, nothing in life can be as enjoyable as living. All arts, sports, literature, music, scholarly research are luxurious inventions of life. Those who take interest in it will enjoy the bliss of Savikalpa Samadhi. This is easily forgotten by good people. In the atmosphere of games, thoughts should fly the kites of their opinions in the sky and cut them on occasion, but this Aishwarya Chand should be a pleasant ceremony like Rangpanchami.

Life is a precious gift to human beings. It is important to use it well. A man should not sit and mourn over a mere trifling sorrow. He should be an eye to the blind, a leg to the lame, a guardian to an orphan, a joy to another, a life for another.

To live, to let live, to look at life from day to day, to know as much as possible, to keep humming the song of consciousness, to forget oneself and feel the touch of life's glory from an impersonal level. A man should try to live and live with effort. To make this world beautiful, one should live and enjoy in this world consciously and knowingly. There is glory of life in such living. Humans have the power of thought. There is morality, there is good sense. If we get rid of the falsehood that enters life like a disease and try to live a simple, straightforward life, we will continuously experience the form of Jeevan Brahman as Satyam Shivam Sundaram. The clear and unfathomable sky, the melancholy of the sun and the moon, the constant laughter of children, the faith of a dog barking at its feet, the tears that flow in the eyes of the elderly when a few words of love are spoken, the disabled monk at God's door who blesses four generations if a rupee is placed on his hand, the bells from the morning watchman's temple. , swarms of birds flying from the sky, prayer songs coming out from the throats of the shepherds in the school yard.

There are many such things in life that motivate us to live. That's why we inspire, let's sing along to the tune of talented poet Mangesh Padgaonkar -This birth, this life, love forever'

ENGLISH GRAMMER TEST-1. SIMPLE
 PRESENT TENSE

 

 ENGLISH GRAMMER TEST-1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1) I ---------- I spoke much. (not/think).

Answer :-- don't think. 

2) But I ___________________  you! (not/understand)

Answer :- don't understand.

3)  ___________________  so to me? (why/you/speak/?)

Answer :-- Why do you speak. 

4) Anne (work) _______ in a language school.

Answer :-- works.

5) On the bus she (have) ______  time to correct a few tests.

Answer :-- has.

6) She (be) ___________  a teacher.

Answer :-- is.

7) Jyoti usually (go) ______  to school by bus.

Answer :-- goes.

8) She (teach) ________ English.

Answer :-- teaches.

9) Her students (come) __________ from all over the world.

Answer :-- come.

10) Do you _____ chocolate milk?

(like, likes, be like)

Answer :-- Like.

11)You _____ so happy today!

(looks, seem, be).

Answer :-- seem.

11) He _____ not want to go to the movies.

(do, does, is).

Answer :-- does.

12)  We _____ European.

(do be, are, do are).

Answer :-- are.

13) He ____________ now.

(plays tennis, wants breakfast, walks home).

Answer :-- wants breakfast.

14) My parents _____ in a two-bedroom apartment.

(live, lives, are live).

Answer :-- live.

15) It _____ a beautiful day today.

(is, are, am).

Answer :-- is.

16) John _____ not go to my school.

(is, does, are).

Answer :-- does.

17) Sorry, Chhaya _____ not here at the moment.

(am, is, be).

Answer :-- is.

18) They're not here. They ____________ right now.

(go to school, swim at the beach, are on holiday)

Answer :-- are on holiday.

 BUSINESS TIPS IN MARATHI 

1]अश्या लोकांना कधीही पैसे उधार देऊ नका. 

1) ज्याच्याकडे पैसे कमावण्याचे माध्यम नाहीये. 

2) जो खूपजनांकडून पैसे उधार घेतो. 

3) जो वेळेवर घेतलेले पैसे परत करत नाही. 

4) जो पार्टी मौजमजा करण्यासाठी पैसे मागतो. 

5) जो आज उद्या सांगून पाठ फिरवतो. 

दिव्यांगांना पाच लाखांपर्यंत कर्ज ! हि शासनाने स्कीम चालू केली आहे. :--

 दिव्यांगांना स्वयंरोजगारासाठी आर्थिक साहाय्य उपलब्ध व्हावे, त्यांच्या जीवनातील अंधकार दूर करून त्यांना समाजाच्या मूळ प्रवाहात आणावे, या उद्देशाने महाराष्ट्र राज्य दिव्यांग वित्त व विकास महामंडळ

स्थापन करण्यात आले आहे. या महामंडळातर्फे पात्र दिव्यांगांना विविध योजनांतर्गत कर्जपुरवठा करण्यात येतो. दिव्यांगांना पाच दोन वर्षांत, लाखांपर्यंत कर्ज

महाराष्ट्र राज्य दिव्यांग वित्त व विकास महामंडळासह राज्य व केंद्र शासनाच्या योजनाही राबविण्यात येतात. महामंडळातर्फे पाच लाखांपर्यंत कर्जपुरवठा करण्यात येतो.

पण शासनाकडे या स्कीमसाठी काहीच प्रस्ताव आलेले नाहीत. 

मागील दोन वर्षात या महामंडळाकडे एकाही लाभार्थ्यांने कर्जासाठी प्रस्ताव सादर केला नसल्याचे सूत्रांनी सांगितले. मागील कर्जाच्या वसुलीत कर्मचारी गुंतले असल्याचे चित्र आहे.

एक कोटी रुपये थकीत कर्ज येथील कार्यालयाकडून जिल्ह्यातील काही पात्र लाभार्थ्यांना कर्जपुरवठा करण्यात आला होता. ३१ मार्च २०१८ पर्यंत दीर्घ- मुदतीचे कर्ज अनेकांकडे बाकी असून ही थकबाकी एकूण एक कोटी रुपयांच्या आसपास आहे.

काय आहे पात्रता ?

लाभार्थी किमान ४० टक्के दिव्यांगत्व असलेला असावा. किमान १५ वर्षापासून महाराष्ट्राचा रहिवासी असावा. वय १८ ते ६० वर्षे असावे. कोणत्याही बँकेचा, महामंडळाचा किंवा वित्तीय संस्थेचा थकबाकीदार नसावा. अर्जदाराने जो व्यवसाय निवडला असेल, त्या व्यवसायाचे त्याला ज्ञान किंवा अनुभव असावा.

हि माहिती लोकमत मध्ये १६ मे २०२३ च्या पेपर मध्ये आलेली आहे. तरी गरजवंतांनी याचा आवश्य लाभ घ्यावा. 

85 COMMONLY SPOKEN HINDI PHRASES -- SPOKEN ENGLISH.

85 COMMONLY SPOKEN HINDI PHRASES -- SPOKEN ENGLISH.

1) मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ - (Main tumse pyaar karta hoon)=== I Love you.

2) स्वागतम् - (Swagatam)=== Welcome.
3) नमस्ते - (Namaste)=== Hello.
4) आप कैसे हैं ? / क्या हाल है? - (Aap kaise hain? / Kya haal hai?)=== How are you?
5) मैं ठीक हूँ। और आप? - (Main theek hoon. Aur Aap?)=== I’m fine. You?
6) आप का नाम क्या है? - (Aap ka naam kya hai)=== What is your name?
7) मेरा नाम ... है। - (Mera naam ... hai)
=== My name is ...
8) आपसे मिलकर खुशी हुई - (Aapse milkar khushee huee)=== Pleased to meet you.
9) धन्यवाद - (Dhanyavaad)=== Thank you.
10) माफ़ कीजिय! - (Maaf keejiye)=== Excuse me / Sorry.
11) फिर मिलते हैं! - (Phir milte hai)
=== See you!
12) शुभ प्रभात or नमस्कार - (Subha Prabhat / Namaskar)== Good morning.

13) नमस्कार - (Subha Dopahor / Namaskar)

 === Good afternoon.
14) शुभ रात्री - (Subha ratri) === Good night.
15) आपकी यात्रा मंगलमय हो - (Aapkee yaatra mangalamay ho)=== Have a good journey.

16) क्या आप अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं? - (kya aap angrezee bolte hain?)=== Do you speak English?

17) मैं अच्छी तरह से हिंदी नहीं बोलता - (Main achchhee tarah se hindi nahin bolta)=== I don’t speak Hindi well.
18) मुझे समझ नहीं आया - (Mujhe samajh nahin aaya)=== I don’t understand.
19) कृपया धीमी गति से बोलें - (kripaya dheemee gati se bolen)=== Please speak slowly.
20) वाशरूम किदर है? - (Washroom kidhar hai?)=== Where are the restrooms?

21) क्या मैं पैसे बदल सकता हूँ? - (Kya main paise badal sakata hoon?)=== Can I change money?

22) ये कितना है? - (Ye kitana hai?)=== How much is this?

23) यह बहुत महंगा है! - (Yah bahut mahanga hai!)=== It’s too expensive!

24) कृपया इसे फिर से कहना - (kripaya ise phir se kahana)=== Please say it again.

25) बाएं / सही / सीधे - (Baen / Sahee / Seedhe)=== Left / Right / Straight.

26) मुझे याद रखिये.(Mujhe yaad rakhiye)

=== Remember me.
27) मेरा पेट भर गया है.(Mera pet bhar Gaya hai)=== I am full.
28) यह गलत है. (Yaha galat hai).:-- This is wrong.
29) मैं पैसे दूंगा .(Main paise dunga).:-- I will pay.

30) उसे भूल जाओ. (Use bhool jao.) :-- Forget him.

     31) मैं भूल गया. (Main bhool gaya.) :---  I forgot.

32) शुभ प्रभात  (Shubh Prabhat) :-- Good Morning.

 
33) शुभ संध्या (Shubh Sandhya) :-- Good Evening.
34) शुभ दोपहर (Shubh Dopahar) :-- Good Afternoon.
35) शुभ रात्रि (Shubh Ratri) :--  Good Night.
36) के अनुसार (Ke Anusar) :--  According to.
37) के खतरे में (Ke Khatre Me) :-- At the risk of .
38) और कुछ भी (Aur Kuchh Bhi) :-- Anything at all.
39) के कारण ( Ke Kaaran) :-- because of.
40) बिल्कुल नहीं (Bilkul Nahi) :-- Not at all.
41) हर तरह से (Har Taraha Se) :-- by all means.
42) की ओर से (Ki aur se) :-- on behalf of.
43) की ख़ातिर (Ki Khaatir) :-- for the sake of.
44) के एवज (Ke aivaj) :-- in lieu of.
45) के पक्ष में (Ke Paksha Me) :-- in favour of.
46) के उम्मीद में (Ke ummid me) :-- in the hope of.
47) बस इतना ही (Bas Itna hi) :-- that's all.

48) इसे अंदर रखो (Ise andar rakho) :-- Keep it inside.

 

49) लेकिन क्यों? (Lekin Kyun?) :-- But why?

50) इसे नीचे रख (Ise neeche rakh) :-- Keep it down.
51) किस लिए? (Kis Liye) :-- For what?
52) इसे वहां रखें (Ise wahan rakhen) :-- keep it there.
53) किसके लिए? (Kiske liye?) :-- For whom?
54) मैंने कहा था (Maine kaha tha) :-- I told you.
55) क्या नहीं? (Kya nahi?) :-- What not?
56) किसने कहा? (Kisne kaha?) :-- Who said?
57) कौन जीता? (Kaun jeeta?) :-- Who won?
58) क्या करूँ? (Kya Karun?) :-- What to do?
59) कैसे करूँ?  (Kaise Karun?) :-- How to do?
60) उठ जाओ  (Uth Jao) :-- Get Up. 
61) क्या हुआ? (Kya Hua?) :-- What Happened? 
62) नाश्ता कर लो। (Nashta Karlo) :-- Have breakfast.
63) और कुछ। (Aur Kuchh) :-- Anything else.
 64) इसे साफ़ करें। (Ise Saaf Karen) :-- Clean it.

65) हिलना मत. (Hilna Mat) :-- Don't move.

 

66) सब कुछ  ठीक है । (Sab kuchh thik hai)  :-- Everything is fine.

 

67)और  कुछ नहीं (Aur kuchh nahin) :-- Nothing more. 

68)ये लीजिये (Ye lijiye) :--Here you are.

 

69) जैसे को तैसा।(Jaise ko taisa) :--Tit for tat.

 

70) वहीँ रुको (Wahin Ruko) :--Stay there.

 

71) कोई ज़रुरत नहीं है। (Koi zarurat nahin hai) :-- No need.

 

72) बस थोड़ा सा। (Bas Thoda sa) :-- Just a little. 

73) ठीक है। (Thik hai) :-- Alright. 

74) बाहर जाओ। (Baahar Jao) :-- Go outside. 

75) कुछ कहो। (Kuchh Kaho) :--  Say something. 
76)फिर कब? (Phir kab) :-- Then when.
 

77) अंदर रहना। (Andar Rahana) :-- Stay inside. 
78) कुछ भी खास नहीं। (Kuchh bhi khaas nahin) :--- Nothing special. 
 
79) किस लिए। (Kis Liye?) :-- for what?
 
80) जाने भी दो। (Jaane bhi do) :--  Let it be.
 
81) समझ गया। (Samajh Gaya) :-- Got it.
 
82) शांत हो जाएं।(Shant ho jayen) :-- Calm down.
 
83) और कुछ नहीं। (Aur kuchh nahi) :-- Nothing more.
 

84) किसी तरह। (Kisi tarah) :-- Somehow.

85) Samajhne ki koshish karo :-- Try to Understand.

86) Bakwas mat kar :-- Don't talk nonsense.

87) Mujhe ghussa mat dilao :-- Don't make me angry.

88) Use gali mat do :-- Don't abuse him.

89) 

 

 

 SPOKEN ENGLISH -- 25 COMMONLY SPOKEN MARATHI PHRASE 

SPOKEN ENGLISH -- 25 COMMONLY SPOKEN MARATHI PHRASE 

1) I Love you

मी तुझ्यावर प्रेम करतो - (Mi tujhyavara prema karato)

2) Welcome

स्वागत आहे - (Svagata ahe)

3) Hello

नमस्कार - (Namaskara)

4) How are you?

तू कसा आहेस? - (Tu kasa ahesa?)

5) I’m fine. You?

मी ठीक आहे. आपण? - (Mi ṭhika ahe. Apaṇa?)

6) What is your name?

तुझं नाव काय आहे? - (Tujham nava kaya ahe?)

7) My name is ...

माझं नाव ... आहे - (Majham nava ... ahe)

8) Pleased to meet you

तुम्हाला भेटून आनंद झाला - (Tumhala bheṭuna ananda jhala)

9)Thank you

धन्यवाद - (Dhan'yavada)

10)Excuse me / Sorry

माफ करा / क्षमस्व - (Mapha kara/ Kṣamasva)

11) See you!

पुन्हा भेटू! - (Punha bhetu!)

12) Good morning

शुभ प्रभात - (Subha prabhata)

13) Good afternoon

शुभ दुपार - (Subha dupara)

14) Good night

शुभ रात्री - (Subha ratri)

15) Have a good journey

चांगला प्रवास करा - (Cangala pravasa kara)

16) Do you speak English?

आपण इंग्रजी बोलता का? - (Apaṇa ingraji bolata ka?)

17) I don’t speak Marathi well

मी मराठी चांगले बोलत नाही - (Mi maraṭhi cangale bolata nahi)

18) I don’t understand

मला समजत नाही - (Mala samajata nahi)

19) Please speak slowly

कृपया हळू बोला - (krpaya halu bola)

20) Where are the restrooms?

विश्रांती कोठे आहेत? - (Visranti koṭhe aheta?)

21) Can I change money?

मी पैसे बदलू शकतो? - (Mi paise badalu sakato?)

22) How much is this?

मी पैसे बदलू शकतो? - (Mi paise badalu sakato?)

23) It’s too expensive!

ते खूप महाग आहे! - (Te khupa mahaga ahe!)

24) Please say it again

कृपया पुन्हा सांगा - (krpaya punha sanga)

25) Left / Right / Straight

डावा / बरोबर / सरळ - (Dava / Barobara / Sarala)