ARAVALLI   MOUNTAIN RANGE : OLDEST MOUNTAIN RANGE IN INDIA | GEOGRAPHY NOTES

The 'Aravali Mountain Range', also known as 'Aravalli', is among the oldest mountain ranges in the world and a vital ecological lifeline of 'northwestern India'. Stretching across several states, it has influenced climate, biodiversity, culture, and human settlements for 'over 2 billion years', shaping the region’s landscape in profound ways.

Overview of the Aravali Mountain Range

The Aravalis are a 'northwestern Indian mountain range' extending in a southwest direction from near 'Delhi', through 'Haryana, Rajasthan', and into 'Gujarat'. With a total length of approximately '670 kilometers', it is one of India’s most extensive and ancient mountain formations.

Geologically, the Aravalis are extremely significant, having formed during the 'Proterozoic era', much earlier than the Himalayas. The rocks here mainly consist of 'quartzite, granite, and gneiss', making them some of the oldest on the planet. The term “Aravali” is derived from Sanskrit, meaning '“line of peaks”', which aptly describes the series of ridges and hills that form this range.

Geography and Key Features

The Aravali Range begins near 'Delhi', moves through 'southern Haryana', covers vast areas of 'Rajasthan', and gradually fades into the plains of 'Gujarat'. Its width ranges from '6 to 60 kilometers', with elevations generally between '300 and 900 meters'. The highest peak, 'Guru Shikhar', is located near 'Mount Abu' in Rajasthan and rises to '1,722 meters'.

The range is broadly divided into two segments:

1. Sambhar-Sirohi Range: Includes the higher hills such as Mount Abu.

2. Sambhar-Khetri Range: Comprises discontinuous ridges across Rajasthan.

Rivers and Natural Wealth

Several rivers originate in the Aravalis, enriching the water resources of western and northern India. Notable rivers like 'Banas', 'Luni', 'Sakhi', and 'Sabarmati' have their sources in these hills.

The Aravalis are also rich in minerals. Ancient civilizations mined 'copper' and other minerals in this region thousands of years ago, highlighting its long-standing economic significance.

Flora and Fauna

Despite being largely arid, the Aravalis harbor a unique ecosystem. Vegetation includes:

'Dry deciduous forests'

'Thorny shrubs and bushes'

'Medicinal and endemic plant species'

The hills are home to animals such as jackals, mongooses, reptiles, and numerous bird species. The 'Aravali Biodiversity Park in Gurugram' is a modern example of conservation efforts, hosting over '185 species of birds' and serving as a model for ecological restoration.

Environmental Importance

The Aravalis play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance in North India:

1. Preventing Desert Expansion:The hills act as a barrier against the eastward spread of the Thar Desert, protecting fertile plains.

2. Groundwater Recharge:Rainwater infiltrates the rocky terrain, replenishing underground aquifers.

3.Climate Regulation: The range influences rainfall patterns and helps moderate temperatures by shielding regions from cold westerly winds.

4. Air Quality and Urban Protection:Areas like the 'Delhi Ridge', part of the Aravalis, improve air quality and protect cities from harsh desert winds.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Historically, the Aravalis served as natural fortifications. Ancient kingdoms, especially the Rajputs, relied on these hills for defense and strategically built forts along the ridges. The mountains have thus been integral to both India’s ecological and cultural heritage.

Challenges and Conservation Issues

The Aravalis face multiple threats from human activity:

Mining and Quarrying: Unregulated operations have caused deforestation and soil erosion.

'Urbanization: Rapid development near Delhi, Gurgaon, and parts of Rajasthan has led to encroachments and loss of forest cover.

'Policy Gaps:' Certain regulatory frameworks only protect hills above 100 meters, leaving many ecologically important areas vulnerable.

Environmental campaigns like Save Aravalli highlight the urgent need for protective measures to conserve this ancient range for future generations.

The Road Ahead

Preserving the Aravali Mountain Range is essential for maintaining 'water security, climate balance, and biodiversity' in northwestern India. Sustainable development, legal enforcement, and public awareness are key to ensuring these ancient mountains continue to serve as a natural shield and ecological treasure.

Conclusion

The 'Aravali Mountain Range' is a remarkable geological formation that has shaped India’s geography, climate, and culture for billions of years. From supporting groundwater reserves to preventing desertification and hosting diverse flora and fauna, its value cannot be overstated. Protecting the Aravalis is vital not only for environmental sustainability but also for the well-being of millions of people who depend on its resources.

High Security Registration Plate (HSRP)

 High Security Registration Plate (HSRP): A Modern Solution for Vehicle Identification

With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on Indian roads, ensuring proper identification and security has become a major challenge. Traditional number plates were easy to duplicate, modify, or misuse, which often led to vehicle thefts, traffic violations, and criminal activities. To address these issues, the Government of India introduced the High Security Registration Plate (HSRP) system. This initiative aims to create a safer, more organized, and transparent vehicle registration system across the country.

 Understanding HSRP Number Plates

A High Security Registration Plate is a government-approved vehicle number plate that follows a uniform design and includes advanced safety features. These plates are manufactured only by authorized vendors and are issued after verifying the vehicle’s registration details. Each HSRP is permanently linked to a specific vehicle, making it nearly impossible to replace or alter without detection.

The implementation of HSRP is regulated under the 'Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989', and supervised by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). Over time, the system has been made compulsory for both new vehicles and older vehicles registered before April 2019 in many states.

 Special Features of HSRP

HSRP number plates differ significantly from ordinary plates due to their built-in security elements:

1. 'Strong Aluminum Base'

   The plates are made from high-quality aluminum that offers durability and resistance to wear and tear.

2. Official Hologram

   A chromium-based hologram featuring the Ashoka Chakra is embossed on the plate. This hologram acts as proof of authenticity and is extremely difficult to copy.

3. Laser-Engraved Identification Code

   Each HSRP carries a unique laser-etched serial number that is recorded in a centralized database and linked to the vehicle’s details.

4. Tamper-Proof Locks

   Special non-removable snap locks are used to fix the plate. Any attempt to remove the plate results in damage, discouraging misuse.

5. Uniform Design

   The font style, size, and spacing of letters and numbers are standardized nationwide, improving readability.

6. Fuel-Type Identification Sticker

   A color-coded sticker, also known as the third registration mark, is placed on the vehicle’s windshield to indicate fuel type—petrol, diesel, CNG, or electric.

 Reasons Behind the Introduction of HSRP

The primary objective of introducing HSRP was to strengthen vehicle security and streamline traffic regulation. Before HSRP, vehicle owners could easily customize number plates, making it difficult for authorities to identify vehicles involved in violations or crimes.

HSRP helps in:

 Reducing vehicle theft by preventing plate duplication

 Improving identification through CCTV cameras and automatic recognition systems

 Assisting police in tracking vehicles used in illegal activities

 Creating a consistent vehicle registration system across all states

 Supporting digital vehicle databases and e-governance initiatives

 Mandatory Adoption Across India

Initially, HSRP was required only for newly registered vehicles. However, recognizing its benefits, several state governments extended the mandate to older vehicles as well. Vehicle owners were given deadlines to replace their old number plates with HSRPs.

Non-compliance can lead to penalties under the Motor Vehicles Act. The fine amount varies from state to state but generally ranges from a few hundred to several thousand rupees.

 How to Apply for an HSRP Number Plate

The process of obtaining an HSRP has been made simple and user-friendly:

1. Online Registration

   Vehicle owners must visit the official HSRP website or an authorized state portal and enter details such as vehicle number, chassis number, and engine number.

2. Payment of Fees

   The cost of HSRP depends on the type of vehicle. Two-wheelers are usually charged less than four-wheelers.

3. Appointment Scheduling

   Applicants select a suitable date and location for plate installation.

4. Plate Installation

   On the scheduled date, trained staff installs the plate using tamper-proof locks to ensure compliance.

 Advantages of Using HSRP

HSRP offers multiple benefits to both vehicle owners and authorities:

Improved Vehicle Security

  The tamper-resistant design prevents misuse and fraud.

Better Traffic Monitoring

  Uniform plates enhance the effectiveness of traffic cameras and monitoring systems.

Quick Identification

  Unique codes help authorities trace vehicles easily.

Environmental Awareness

  Fuel-type stickers help in pollution control and regulation.

Nationwide Recognition

  Standardized plates eliminate confusion when vehicles move between states.

 Issues and Public Challenges

Despite its advantages, the HSRP system has faced some obstacles. Many vehicle owners are unaware of the rules or deadlines, leading to last-minute rushes. In some areas, limited installation centers result in long waiting periods. Additionally, fake vendors offering non-approved plates create confusion among the public.

To overcome these challenges, transport departments are increasing awareness through online campaigns, SMS alerts, and stricter enforcement measures.

 Role of HSRP in Future Transportation Systems

HSRP is a stepping stone toward smarter and more secure transportation infrastructure. In the future, it can be integrated with advanced technologies such as RFID chips, smart surveillance systems, and digital traffic management platforms. Such integration will further strengthen road safety, reduce violations, and support smart city initiatives.

 Conclusion

The High Security Registration Plate system represents a major reform in India’s vehicle registration framework. By introducing standardized, secure, and tamper-proof number plates, the government has taken an important step toward improving road safety and law enforcement. Although the transition has faced certain challenges, the long-term benefits of HSRP are significant. For vehicle owners, adopting HSRP is not only a legal obligation but also a contribution to safer roads and a more reliable transportation system.

 दहा दिवसांत ड्रोन पायलट होण्याची संधी; युवक-युवतींना आर्थिकदृष्ट्या सक्षम होण्याचा मार्ग

आजच्या डिजिटल युगात तंत्रज्ञानाचे वेगाने बदलणारे स्वरूप युवांसाठी नवे करिअर संधी उघडत आहे. राज्य शासनाची स्वायत्त संस्था महाराष्ट्र संशोधन, उन्नती व प्रशिक्षण तंत्रज्ञान (अमृत) ही संस्था, युवक-युवतींना फक्त शिक्षणपुरते मर्यादित न राहता, त्यांना रोजगारक्षम बनवण्यासाठी विविध कौशल्य प्रशिक्षण योजना राबवत आहे. यामध्ये सध्या चर्चेत असलेली योजना म्हणजे ‘ड्रोन पायलट प्रशिक्षण योजना’, जी युवकांना फक्त दहा दिवसांतच ड्रोन चालविण्याचे कौशल्य प्राप्त करून देत आहे.

 प्रशिक्षणाचे उद्दिष्ट

अमृत संस्थेच्या माध्यमातून युवकांना प्रत्यक्ष कामाच्या क्षेत्रात उपयोगी ठरतील असे कौशल्य देणे हे या प्रशिक्षणाचे मुख्य उद्दिष्ट आहे. आजच्या स्पर्धात्मक काळात केवळ शैक्षणिक ज्ञानावर टिकून राहणे पुरेसे नाही; व्यावसायिक आणि तांत्रिक कौशल्य प्राप्त करणे अत्यावश्यक आहे. ड्रोन पायलट प्रशिक्षणाने युवकांना केवळ रोजगार मिळवण्याची क्षमता नाही, तर ते स्वतःचे व्यवसाय सुरू करून आर्थिकदृष्ट्या स्वतंत्र होण्यास सक्षम होतील.

 प्रशिक्षणाची रचना

अमृतच्या ड्रोन पायलट प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमात विद्यार्थ्यांना संपूर्ण व्यावहारिक आणि सैद्धांतिक ज्ञान दिले जाते. या प्रशिक्षणात खालील गोष्टींचा समावेश आहे:

* **ड्रोनची ओळख आणि प्रकार:** विद्यार्थी ड्रोनच्या विविध प्रकारांबद्दल आणि त्यांचे उपयोग जाणून घेतात.

* **नियमन आणि कायदे:** ड्रोन उडवताना कोणते कायदे, नियम आणि प्रक्रियांचा पालन करणे आवश्यक आहे, याचे ज्ञान दिले जाते.

* **हवामान आणि हवाई क्षेत्र:** हवामानाच्या स्थितीवर ड्रोन कसा चालतो आणि हवाई क्षेत्राची माहिती कशी मिळवावी, हे शिकवले जाते.

* **ऑब्झर्वेशन आणि निरीक्षण:** ड्रोनने केलेल्या निरीक्षणाच्या प्रक्रियेबाबत प्रशिक्षण दिले जाते, ज्यामध्ये फोटो व व्हिडिओ टिपणे, डेटा गोळा करणे व विश्लेषण करणे शिकवले जाते.

* **सुरक्षितता नियम:** ड्रोन उडवताना कोणत्या सुरक्षा उपायांचा अवलंब करावा लागतो आणि आकस्मिक परिस्थितींमध्ये योग्य प्रतिसाद देणे कसे आवश्यक आहे, याचे प्रशिक्षण दिले जाते.

* **हवामान अभ्यास आणि ड्रोन देखभाल:** ड्रोनचे देखभाल, बॅटरी व्यवस्थापन, सॉफ्टवेअर अपडेट आणि नियमित तपासणीची माहिती विद्यार्थ्यांना दिली जाते.

 प्रशिक्षणाचे फायदे

अमृतच्या प्रशिक्षणामुळे युवक-युवती फक्त नोकरीसाठी तयार होत नाहीत, तर ते स्वतंत्र व्यवसाय सुरू करण्यास सक्षम बनतात. ड्रोन पायलट बनल्यावर विद्यार्थी कृषी क्षेत्रात, रिअल इस्टेट, सुरक्षा, पुरवठा सेवा, हवामान संशोधन, मापन, सर्वेक्षण अशा विविध क्षेत्रात रोजगार किंवा स्वतंत्र व्यवसाय करू शकतात. यामुळे केवळ त्यांच्या आर्थिक स्थैर्यात भर पडत नाही, तर राज्याच्या डिजिटल आणि तांत्रिक प्रगतीतही योगदान मिळते.

 अर्ज प्रक्रिया आणि पात्रता

ड्रोन पायलट प्रशिक्षणासाठी अर्ज प्रक्रिया अत्यंत सोपी आणि पारदर्शक आहे. इच्छुक विद्यार्थी अमृतच्या अधिकृत वेबसाईटवर ऑनलाइन अर्ज करू शकतात. पात्रतेसाठी काही प्रमुख अटी आहेत:

* उमेदवाराचे वय १८ वर्षे किंवा अधिक असावे.

* उमेदवार शारीरिकदृष्ट्या सक्षम असावा.

* विद्यार्थी तांत्रिक ज्ञान किंवा मूलभूत संगणक कौशल्य असणे आवश्यक आहे.

अर्ज स्वीकारल्यानंतर उमेदवारांची निवड प्रक्रियेनुसार केली जाते. निवड झालेल्या विद्यार्थ्यांना प्रशिक्षणासाठी सूचित केले जाते.

 प्रशिक्षण कालावधी

ही योजना फक्त दहा दिवसांच्या गतीशील प्रशिक्षणावर आधारित आहे. या दहा दिवसांत विद्यार्थी संपूर्ण सैद्धांतिक व व्यावहारिक प्रशिक्षण पूर्ण करतात. प्रशिक्षकांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली विद्यार्थी ड्रोन उडविणे, डेटा गोळा करणे, निरीक्षण प्रक्रिया आणि आकस्मिक परिस्थिती हाताळणे याचा सराव करतात. दहा दिवसांच्या प्रशिक्षणानंतर विद्यार्थी ड्रोन पायलट प्रमाणपत्र मिळवतात, जे नोकरी किंवा स्वतंत्र व्यवसायासाठी मान्यताप्राप्त असते.

रोजगार व आर्थिक संधी

ड्रोन पायलट बनल्यावर युवक-युवतींसाठी नोकरीची अनंत संधी उपलब्ध होतात. ड्रोन सेवा देणाऱ्या कंपन्या, कृषी क्षेत्रातील मापन, रिअल इस्टेट सर्वेक्षण, सुरक्षा क्षेत्रातील निरीक्षण, चित्रपट व मीडिया क्षेत्रातील हवाई छायांकन अशा विविध क्षेत्रात रोजगार मिळू शकतो. स्वतंत्र व्यवसाय सुरू केल्यास, विद्यार्थी आपले ड्रोन सेवा केंद्र उघडून आर्थिकदृष्ट्या स्वावलंबी होऊ शकतात. काही अभ्यासानुसार, योग्य कौशल्य आणि संधी मिळाल्यास युवक महिन्याला लाखोंची कमाई देखील करू शकतात.

 तंत्रज्ञानाच्या क्षेत्रातील महत्त्व

आजच्या काळात ड्रोन तंत्रज्ञानाचा वापर फक्त मनोरंजनपुरता मर्यादित नाही. तो कृषी, सुरक्षा, वाहतूक, हवामान संशोधन, मानवी शोध आणि वाचवणूक, मापन, पुरवठा सेवा अशा विविध क्षेत्रात मूलभूत साधन बनला आहे. या तंत्रज्ञानाच्या वाढत्या गरजेमुळे प्रशिक्षित ड्रोन पायलट्सची मागणी सतत वाढत आहे. त्यामुळे युवकांसाठी हा क्षेत्र अत्यंत फायदेशीर आणि भविष्यातील स्थिर रोजगाराची खात्री देणारा ठरतो.

 निष्कर्ष

अमृत संस्थेच्या माध्यमातून दहा दिवसांत मिळणारे ड्रोन पायलट प्रशिक्षण युवक-युवतींना फक्त तांत्रिक कौशल्यच नव्हे, तर आर्थिकदृष्ट्या स्वतंत्र होण्याचा मार्ग देखील प्रदान करते. या प्रशिक्षणामुळे नोकरीची संधी, स्वतंत्र व्यवसायाची क्षमता आणि तांत्रिक ज्ञान या तिन्ही गोष्टी मिळतात. आजच्या स्पर्धात्मक आणि तंत्रज्ञानप्रधान युगात असे प्रशिक्षण युवकांच्या करिअरला नवे आयाम देऊ शकते.

यामुळे असे दिसून येते की, महाराष्ट्र शासनाची अमृत संस्था युवकांना प्रगतिशील तंत्रज्ञान क्षेत्रात संधी उपलब्ध करून देत आहे, जे त्यांच्या जीवनात नवे रोजगार व आर्थिक स्थैर्य मिळवून देते. युवकांनी या संधीचा पूर्ण फायदा घ्यावा, हीच सर्वांसाठी संदेश आहे.

LEARN DRONE PILOTING IN JUST 10 DAYS AND UNLOCK HIGH-PAYING  CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

In today’s fast-paced digital era, drone technology is emerging as one of the most promising career paths. To tap into this potential, the Maharashtra Government, through its autonomous institution—Maharashtra Institute for Skill Development, Advancement, and Technology Training (AMUT)—has introduced an advanced drone pilot training program. This initiative aims to equip young individuals with practical skills while opening doors to lucrative employment and entrepreneurial opportunities.

A Major Opportunity for Young Professionals

This training program targets ambitious youth, especially those seeking promising career avenues in emerging technologies. Participants receive **completely free training** in drone operations and associated technologies. With the increasing demand for skilled drone operators across sectors such as agriculture, logistics, media, surveillance, and infrastructure, this program is a timely intervention.

It empowers unemployed or underemployed youth by providing structured, hands-on training in drone piloting, including the operation of drones, aviation protocols, and drone software management. By completing the course, participants are prepared for professional work in various industries.

What the Training Includes

The program lasts just **10 days** but covers both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Key components of the curriculum include:

* **Drone Operation Fundamentals:** Safe handling, troubleshooting, and efficient flying techniques.

* **Aviation Guidelines:** Understanding laws, airspace regulations, and compliance requirements.

* **Mapping and Surveying:** Aerial surveying techniques and geographic mapping applications.

* **Aerial Photography & Videography:** Capturing high-quality images and videos for commercial purposes.

* **Equipment Management:** Handling sensors, cameras, and other payloads effectively.

* **Data Interpretation:** Analyzing aerial data and applying insights for agriculture, construction, and more.

Students get the opportunity to practice drone flights in diverse environments, including open fields, urban settings, and industrial areas, ensuring they are fully prepared for real-world applications.

 How to Apply

The application process is simple and accessible. Candidates must be at least 18 years old, meet basic educational requirements, and possess adequate physical and mental fitness. Applications are submitted online, making it convenient for students across Maharashtra.

Selection is merit-based, focusing on academic qualifications, aptitude for technology, and commitment to completing the course. Once selected, students receive **full government sponsorship**, eliminating financial constraints and allowing them to focus entirely on learning.

 Career Prospects

Drone piloting opens doors to numerous high-income opportunities, including:

* **Commercial Drone Pilot:** Work with companies in agriculture, media, logistics, and infrastructure.

* **Freelance Drone Services:** Offer aerial photography, mapping, and inspection services independently.

* **Government Projects:** Contribute to urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster management.

* **Entrepreneurship:** Launch startups leveraging drones for delivery, surveillance, or innovative solutions.

Earnings can range significantly, with trained drone pilots potentially earning **lakhs annually** depending on experience and sector. Self-employment is also a viable option, giving youth the flexibility to run independent drone service businesses.

 Additional Skills Developed

Beyond technical skills, the program emphasizes professional development:

* **Teamwork:** Collaborating effectively on complex projects.

* **Problem-Solving:** Addressing operational challenges with practical solutions.

* **Project Management:** Planning and executing drone missions efficiently.

* **Safety & Risk Management:** Ensuring adherence to safety standards and handling emergencies professionally.

These skills enhance employability and prepare participants for leadership roles in tech-driven industries.

 Enrollment Process

Interested candidates can visit the AMUT website to access the online application form and program details. Upon enrollment, students gain access to all necessary resources, including drones, simulation software, and expert guidance from seasoned instructors.

 Future Potential

As drone technology evolves, its applications in smart cities, disaster response, environmental monitoring, and wildlife conservation will expand. Individuals trained under this program will be well-positioned to capitalize on these opportunities and contribute to technological innovation in India.

CONCLUSION:--

Maharashtra’s **10-day drone pilot training program** offers young professionals a transformative opportunity. It combines intensive technical instruction with practical experience, providing a pathway to high-paying careers and entrepreneurial ventures.

With full government sponsorship and expert mentorship, participants can focus on mastering drone piloting skills, gaining a competitive edge in a rapidly growing industry. By embracing this program, youth not only secure immediate employment but also acquire a skill set that allows them to innovate, start their own businesses, and shape the future of drone technology in India.

This initiative empowers young professionals to literally take their careers to new heights—one flight at a time.

PM-DAKSH SCHEME: SKILL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE BY THE  GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

The Government of India runs many welfare programs to support people from weaker and backward sections of society. Among these initiatives, the **PM-DAKSH Scheme** is a very important program that focuses on **skill training and employment generation**. This scheme aims to make beneficiaries capable, skilled, and financially independent.

This article explains the PM-DAKSH Scheme in clear and easy language, covering its purpose, eligibility, benefits, training options, and overall importance.

 Introduction to PM-DAKSH Scheme

**PM-DAKSH** stands for **Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi**. It is a skill development program launched by the **Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment**, Government of India.

The main idea behind this scheme is to provide **free skill-based training** to people belonging to backward and marginalized communities. After completing training, beneficiaries can find jobs or start their own small businesses.

 Main Goals of PM-DAKSH Scheme

The PM-DAKSH Scheme has been introduced with the following objectives:

* To improve skills of unemployed youth

* To provide job-oriented training

* To increase income opportunities for backward communities

* To encourage self-employment and entrepreneurship

* To reduce poverty through skill development

* To promote digital awareness and modern work skills

 Target Beneficiaries

The scheme is specially designed for people from economically and socially weaker sections. The following groups can apply:

* **Scheduled Castes (SC)**

* **Other Backward Classes (OBC)**

* **Economically Backward Classes (EBC)**

* **De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)**

* **Safai Karamcharis and their family members**

Both male and female candidates are eligible to take part in this scheme.

 Eligibility Conditions

Applicants must meet certain criteria to benefit from the PM-DAKSH Scheme:

* Must be a citizen of India

* Should belong to one of the eligible categories

* Age limit is generally between **18 and 45 years** (may differ for some courses)

* Annual family income should be within the prescribed limit

* Applicant should not be a permanent government employee

 Training Programs Offered Under PM-DAKSH

The scheme offers different types of training based on educational background and skill requirements.

 1. Short-Term Skill Courses

* Duration ranges from 300 to 600 hours

* Suitable for beginners

* Includes trades like electrician, tailoring, computer operator, plumber, and similar jobs

 2. Entrepreneurship Training

* Designed for those who want to start their own business

* Covers basics of business planning, marketing, and finance

* Helps in self-employment and small enterprises

 3. Skill Upgradation Courses

* For individuals who already have basic skills

* Helps them enhance and update their abilities

* Improves chances of better employment

 4. Long-Duration Skill Training

* Duration can go up to 1000 hours

* Focuses on advanced technical skills

* Leads to higher-paying job opportunities

 5. Digital and Soft Skills Training

* Basic computer knowledge

* Online services and digital tools

* Communication and personality development

 Advantages of PM-DAKSH Scheme

The PM-DAKSH Scheme provides several benefits to participants:

* **No training fees**

* **Financial support or stipend** during training

* Recognized **certificates** after course completion

* Increased chances of getting jobs

* Support for self-employment

* Improved confidence and professional skills

* Exposure to modern technologies

The scheme ensures that learners can focus on training without financial stress.

 Organizations Implementing the Scheme

The PM-DAKSH Scheme is carried out with the help of different government bodies, such as:

* National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC)

* National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC)

* National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)

* National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC)

These organizations work with approved training institutes across the country.

 Application Process for PM-DAKSH Scheme

Eligible candidates can apply through the **official PM-DAKSH online portal** or by visiting authorized training centers.

 Steps to Apply:

1. Visit the PM-DAKSH website

2. Complete registration using basic details

3. Select the preferred training course

4. Upload necessary documents

5. Submit the application

6. Join training after selection

 Commonly Required Documents:

* Aadhaar Card

* Caste Certificate

* Income Proof

* Educational Certificates

* Recent Passport-size Photograph

 Significance of PM-DAKSH Scheme

The PM-DAKSH Scheme plays a major role in empowering disadvantaged communities. Its importance includes:

* Bridging the skill gap in the workforce

* Creating employment opportunities

* Promoting economic equality

* Supporting inclusive growth

* Strengthening the concept of “Skill India”

Instead of providing temporary help, the scheme focuses on long-term development.

Issues and Future Improvements

Although the scheme has many benefits, some challenges still exist:

* Low awareness in rural and remote areas

* Limited number of training centers

* Need for stronger job placement support

To improve the scheme, the government can:

* Conduct more awareness campaigns

* Increase online and hybrid training programs

* Strengthen partnerships with industries

Conclusion:-

The **PM-DAKSH Scheme** is an effective initiative that aims to uplift backward and marginalized communities by providing them with useful skills. Through free training, financial support, and certification, the scheme helps individuals build a secure and independent future.

By focusing on skill development and employment, PM-DAKSH contributes to social equality and economic growth. For those seeking better job opportunities or planning to start a business, this scheme offers a valuable chance to improve their lives.

HOW TO REMOVE  A PASSWORD FROM ANY PDF? 

PDF files have become the universal standard for sharing documents across workplaces, schools, and businesses. Because they preserve formatting and offer strong security features, many people lock their PDFs with passwords. This helps protect confidential reports, financial information, or personal records. But situations arise when you need to **remove the password from a PDF**, especially if you’re the rightful owner or have been granted full permission to use the document. For example, entering the password repeatedly can be inconvenient, or you may need to edit the file without restrictions.

This extensive guide walks you through **why PDF passwords exist, when it’s appropriate to remove them, and the most reliable ways to unlock a PDF file** on any device. Whether you’re using a computer, mobile phone, or browser, you’ll find practical solutions here.

Why Do People Lock PDF Files?

PDF documents can be protected with two different types of passwords:

1. Open Password

Also known as a user password, this prevents the file from being opened unless the correct code is entered. It ensures complete access control.

2. Permission Password

This type restricts editing, printing, copying text, or extracting pages. It allows recipients to read the document but prevents modifications.

These security features help keep information private and preserve the PDF’s integrity. Removing a password is acceptable only when you own the file or have authorization from the owner.

Is It Legal to Remove a PDF Password?

Yes—provided you have the legal right to unlock the document.

Password removal is allowed when:

* You created the PDF yourself

* The owner provided the password and allowed you to modify the file

* You need the file for legitimate work or personal use

However, bypassing passwords on copyrighted or confidential documents without permission is illegal. Always follow ethical and legal guidelines.

Effective Ways to Remove Passwords from a PDF

Several methods can help unlock PDF files easily. Below are the most reliable and commonly used techniques.

Method 1: Removing Passwords with Google Chrome

Google Chrome doubles as a simple PDF tool, making password removal easy if you already know the password.

How to do it:

1. Open the protected PDF in Chrome.

2. Type in the password to view the file.

3. Press **Ctrl + P** (Windows) or **Command + P** (Mac).

4. Choose **“Save as PDF”** in the printer menu.

5. Save the file to your device.

The new PDF will open without asking for a password. This method is fast, free, and works on any computer.

Method 2: Unlocking with Adobe Acrobat Pro

Adobe Acrobat Pro offers a professional solution for removing PDF security settings.

Steps:

1. Launch Adobe Acrobat Pro and open the PDF.

2. Provide the required password.

3. Go to **File → Properties → Security**.

4. Set **Security Method** to “**No Security**.”

5. Save the updated file.

Acrobat Pro is reliable and secure, but it requires a subscription.

Method 3: Using Online PDF Unlocking Tools

Several online services can remove passwords quickly, such as:

* iLovePDF

* Smallpdf

* SodaPDF

* PDF2Go

These tools require no installation and work on any browser.

How it works:

1. Visit a trusted unlocking website.

2. Upload your locked PDF.

3. Enter the password if required.

4. Download the unlocked version.

Caution:

Avoid uploading sensitive or confidential files on online services, as the data passes through external servers.

Method 4: Offline PDF Editors and Software

If you prefer not to use online tools, offline programs offer a safer way to remove passwords, especially for confidential documents.

Popular tools include:

* Foxit PhantomPDF

* Wondershare PDFelement

* Nitro PDF

* PDFMate

Steps:

1. Open your PDF in the selected software.

2. Type the password.

3. Navigate to the **Security**, **Protect**, or **Permissions** menu.

4. Choose **Remove Password** or **Disable Restrictions**.

5. Save the file.

Offline tools provide better privacy and usually offer more features.

Method 5: Removing Restrictions by Printing as PDF

If the file isn’t protected by an open password — only editing and copying restrictions — then this method works well.

Process:

1. Open the file in any PDF reader.

2. Press **Print** and choose **Save as PDF**.

3. Save the document.

This creates a new file free from the original limitations.

Method 6: Tech-Savvy Option – Using Command Line Tools

For advanced users, command-line utilities like **QPDF** provide a powerful way to decrypt PDFs.

Example command:

qpdf --password=yourpassword --decrypt input.pdf output.pdf

This method works across Linux, macOS, and Windows, making it ideal for programmers or system admins.

How to Remove PDF Passwords on Smartphones

You don’t need a laptop—modern apps allow easy unlocking on mobile devices.

Android Users

Apps such as:

* Xodo

* PDFelement

* iLovePDF app

Steps:

1. Open the PDF in the app.

2. Enter the password.

3. Save or export a new unlocked version.

iPhone/iOS Users

Popular apps include:

* PDF Expert

* Adobe Acrobat

* Built-in Files app (for certain PDFs)

You can simply open, unlock, and save a new copy without password protection.

Smart Practices After Unlocking a PDF

Once the password is removed, use the file responsibly. A few smart habits include:

✔ Keep a backup copy

Always save the original protected file for future safety.

✔ Don’t share sensitive unlocked PDFs

Once security is removed, anyone can access or modify the content.

 ✔ Consider encrypting important PDFs again

If needed, reapply a new password using any PDF editor.

✔ Use password managers

These help you store and retrieve important PDF passwords safely.

Visit this website to unlock pdf free:--

https://www.ilovepdf.com/unlock_pdf

Final Thoughts

Removing a PDF password isn’t complicated when you have the right tools. Whether you use a browser like Chrome, a professional tool like Adobe Acrobat, online PDF unlockers, or mobile apps, each method offers a simple way to unlock your file.

Just remember—always unlock PDFs responsibly and only when you have ownership or permission. With these methods, you can easily eliminate repeated password entry, simplify editing, or share the document without restrictions.

SUGAR CAN BE HARMFUL — BUT HOW MUCH  JAGGERY  IS  TRULY GOOD FOR YOU.

Sweet foods have always been a favorite part of our meals, but increasing lifestyle-related diseases have compelled people to reconsider their sugar habits. With diabetes and obesity rising at alarming rates, many are searching for healthier alternatives. One such traditional option is **jaggery**, often promoted as a natural and beneficial replacement for refined sugar.

But does jaggery really live up to its reputation? How much of it is safe to eat? And is jaggery genuinely more nutritious than sugar? Let’s explore these answers in detail based on the points highlighted in the newspaper article.

Why Refined Sugar Is Problematic

White sugar, though common in daily diets, brings very little nutritional value. It goes through heavy processing, which removes all minerals and vitamins originally found in sugarcane juice. What remains is pure sucrose—high in calories but extremely low in nutrients.

Regular consumption of sugar can lead to several health complications:

1. Weight Gain

Sugar is calorie-dense and contributes to fat buildup. It increases cravings, encourages overeating, and plays a major role in belly fat.

2. Increased Diabetes Risk

Sugar quickly raises glucose levels, forcing the body to produce more insulin. Over time, this can lead to insulin resistance, paving the way for diabetes.

3. Poor Heart Health

Excess sugar raises triglycerides, causes inflammation, and elevates bad cholesterol levels—all risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

4. Tooth Decay

Sugar is a major contributor to cavities and gum disease, especially when consumed frequently.

5. No Real Nutrition

Despite high calories, sugar doesn’t offer essential nutrients. It provides energy that fades quickly and leaves the body craving more.

Given these drawbacks, limiting sugar intake is crucial for long-term health, particularly for individuals already dealing with metabolic disorders.

Why Jaggery Is Considered a Better Option

Jaggery, or *gud*, is a minimally processed natural sweetener traditionally used in Indian households. Since it is prepared by boiling sugarcane juice without removing minerals, it retains a variety of nutrients.

Health Benefits of Jaggery

Jaggery offers multiple advantages when consumed in the right amounts:

1. Longer-Lasting Energy

Unlike sugar, which causes an immediate spike and crash in energy, jaggery provides steady energy release, making you feel active for a longer period.

2. Mineral-Rich

Jaggery contains essential minerals such as:

* Iron

* Calcium

* Potassium

* Magnesium

These help support bone health, maintain electrolyte levels, and improve blood formation.

3. Helps Digestion

Traditionally, many people eat jaggery after meals because it stimulates digestive enzymes and reduces constipation.

4. Supports Immunity

Jaggery’s antioxidants help protect the body from infections, and its minerals contribute to better overall immunity.

5. Detoxifies the Body

It helps clean the liver by flushing out toxins and purifying the blood.

Does Jaggery Really Provide a Lot of Iron?

A common belief is that jaggery is extremely rich in iron. However, the article clarifies that while jaggery *does* contain iron, the amount is not high enough to rely on it as the only iron source. It may improve hemoglobin levels slightly, but it cannot replace iron-rich foods or supplements for people with moderate to severe deficiency.

So, while jaggery contributes to iron intake, it should be part of a balanced diet—not a primary treatment for anemia.

---

How Much Jaggery Is Safe to Consume?

Even though jaggery is natural, it should not be consumed in large quantities. Excess jaggery can be harmful because:

* It still contains high sugar content

* Blood glucose can rise quickly

* Extra calories may lead to weight gain

* It is unsafe in large amounts for diabetic individuals

Ideal Intake

For most healthy adults, around **10–15 grams per day** is usually enough.

People with diabetes should only consume jaggery after proper medical guidance.

Sugar vs. Jaggery: How Are They Different?

The article outlines three key differences between the two:

1. Processing Method

* Sugar undergoes heavy refining and chemical treatment.

* Jaggery is closer to its natural state and processed without harmful chemicals.

2. Nutrient Content

* Sugar gives only empty calories.

* Jaggery retains minerals and antioxidants beneficial for health.

3. Effect on the Body

* Excess sugar is linked to obesity, diabetes, and heart issues.

* Jaggery supports digestion and immunity, but only when taken moderately.

Can Diabetics Eat Jaggery?

A very important point: **jaggery is not safe for diabetics in large quantities**. Many believe jaggery is harmless because it is natural, but this is a misconception. The body absorbs jaggery almost as quickly as refined sugar.

Therefore:

* Jaggery can raise blood sugar levels

* It is not a diabetes-friendly sweetener

* Consumption should be minimal or avoided unless advised by a doctor

Traditional Use of Jaggery and Its Value

Jaggery has been a part of Indian culture for centuries. It is used in winter sweets, herbal remedies, festive cooking, and as a natural energy booster for people engaged in heavy physical work. Its warming properties make it especially helpful during cold seasons.

But even tradition emphasizes **limited intake**, highlighting the importance of balance and mindful consumption.

Final Thoughts: Jaggery Is Better—But Moderation Is Key

The comparison between sugar and jaggery shows that jaggery is undoubtedly the superior choice. It contains nutrients, supports digestion, boosts immunity, and offers steady energy. However, it is still a form of sugar, and consuming it excessively can negatively impact health.

In Summary:

* Refined sugar is nutritionally empty and harmful when consumed frequently.

* Jaggery offers health benefits but must be eaten in controlled amounts.

* Diabetics should be cautious with both sugar and jaggery.

* A small daily portion of jaggery can improve digestion, immunity, and energy levels.

Ultimately, **jaggery is healthier than sugar—but only when enjoyed in moderation**.

A NEW ERA OF HEALTH SECURITY: UNIFIED CO-BRANDED CARD TO PROVIDE 5 LAKH COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE:--

India’s public healthcare landscape is preparing for a major shift with the launch of a 'co-branded health card' that merges the advantages of two major government health protection schemes—'Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)' at the national level and Maharashtra’s 'Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana (MJPJAY)'. This innovative step aims to simplify the way beneficiaries access their health benefits by combining everything into a single, easy-to-use card. With this card, eligible families can receive 'cashless medical treatment worth up to ₹5 lakh annually', making healthcare more accessible, transparent, and convenient.

A Major Push Toward Streamlined Healthcare Services:--

The Government of India has been steadily expanding financial protection for low-income households through Ayushman Bharat. Similarly, Maharashtra has been supporting its vulnerable families through the MJPJAY program. Although both schemes have helped millions, navigating between separate cards and varied procedures sometimes created confusion, particularly during emergencies.

The new co-branded card resolves this long-standing issue. By merging identification and benefits into one smart card, the government aims to ensure that beneficiaries no longer face administrative hurdles at hospitals. Whether a patient visits a district hospital or a large, empaneled private facility, the new card will help them receive timely treatment without delays or misunderstandings.

What the Co-Branded Card Represents:--

The co-branded health card is a 'unified health identity document' designed to bring together the offerings of both state and national healthcare programs. Its purpose goes beyond just being an identification card—it is a key that unlocks seamless access to cashless healthcare.

Core advantages of the card include:--

* One card covering benefits of both PMJAY and MJPJAY

* Smooth, quick verification using digital and biometric systems

* Elimination of multiple cards and paperwork

* Faster clearance at hospital admission counters

* Improved transparency for patients, hospitals, and administrators

With a standardized digital format and beneficiary information printed clearly, it minimizes the chances of confusion and fraud.

Enrollment Begins from December:--

The distribution of the co-branded cards is set to begin 'from December 20'. Government health staff, district-level administrators, and dedicated enrollment teams will help individuals register for and receive their cards. Camps will be organized across cities, towns, and rural areas to ensure no eligible family is left out.

Beneficiaries will be guided about the required documents, locations where they can enroll, and the verification steps involved. The aim is to make the entire registration process smooth even for people who may not be familiar with digital systems.

How and Where to Get the Card:--

To receive the co-branded health card, individuals can visit authorised enrollment centers such as:

* Nearby primary health centers

* District hospitals

* Government-approved empaneled hospitals

* Special enrollment camps set up for the drive

The registration steps typically involve:--

1.'Document Submission' – Citizens must present identity proof such as Aadhaar, ration card, or any government-approved document.

2. 'Biometric Verification' – This ensures the authenticity of the beneficiary and avoids duplicate identities.

3. 'Card Generation' – Once the verification is successful, the unified card is printed or provided digitally to the beneficiary.

This process is designed to be completed quickly so that families can start using the benefits without delay.

Who Qualifies for the Scheme?

Eligibility remains linked to the existing criteria of Ayushman Bharat and MJPJAY. Families who qualify under one or both schemes can receive the new co-branded card.

Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY) Eligibility Includes:

* Households listed in the SECC database

* Families identified as economically vulnerable

* Beneficiaries covered under various deprivation categories

MJPJAY Eligibility Includes:

* Families holding Antyodaya or Annapurna ration cards

* Low-income households identified by the Maharashtra government

* Individuals requiring treatment for serious illnesses covered under the scheme

With the unified card, families falling under either scheme will not need to remember which program they belong to—hospitals will verify this automatically.

Key Benefits of the New Health Coverage System

The co-branded card is expected to transform healthcare access in several meaningful ways:

1. Up to ₹5 Lakh Cashless Treatment

Families can receive medical coverage worth up to ₹5 lakh per year for a wide range of treatments including surgeries, cancer care, cardiology procedures, accident-related treatments, dialysis, and more.

2. Wider Network of Empaneled Hospitals

Since Ayushman Bharat offers national portability, beneficiaries with the co-branded card can access treatment in a large network of hospitals—both within Maharashtra and across India.

3. Less Documentation, More Convenience

The days of juggling between multiple health cards are over. This single card streamlines registration, reduces paperwork, and ensures smoother hospital interactions.

4. Quick and Accurate Verification

The smart card uses biometric and digital verification, ensuring that the right person receives the benefits without long waiting hours or repeated checks.

5. Greater Transparency and Reduced Fraud

Unified digital records help eliminate duplications, fraudulent claims, and administrative complications. Beneficiaries gain clarity on the type of services available under their scheme.

Strengthening India’s Digital Health Structure:--

Beyond its immediate benefits for patients, the co-branded card is a step toward a broader digital healthcare ecosystem. As India steadily adopts digital health IDs and integrated health systems, this initiative aligns perfectly with the goal of creating more efficient and interconnected health services.

Hospitals will benefit by following uniform procedures for processing claims and treating scheme beneficiaries. Administrative tasks will be simplified, helping medical facilities focus more on patient care.

Conclusion: A Unified Card Bringing Unified Care

The launch of the co-branded Ayushman Bharat–Jan Arogya card marks a significant advancement in India’s mission to provide strong, reliable, and equitable healthcare. By combining two major schemes into one simple health identity card and offering '₹5 lakh annual cashless coverage', the government is ensuring that millions of families can receive treatment without financial burden or procedural obstacles.

For countless households, this card will offer more than just convenience—it could prove to be a lifesaver during critical medical situations. As this initiative expands across Maharashtra and eventually nationwide, it promises a more coordinated, transparent, and patient-friendly public health system.

 

75 CURRENT AFFAIRS GK QUESTION-3.

1) The 89th General Meeting (GM) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) will be held in which country(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- India.

2) Who won the 62nd edition of the Duleep Trophy held in 2025?

ANSWER:-- Central Zone.

3) Who has been appointed as the Secretary to India’s 15th Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- Amit Khare.

4) The first Annual Green Hydrogen Research and Development Conference 2025 was held in which city?

ANSWER:-- New Delhi.

5) In which state will the historic 10th Ayurveda Day with global outreach be organized(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- Goa.

6) Where was the 11th Commonwealth Parliamentary Association India Region Conference organized(Sept2025)? 

ANSWER:-- Bengaluru.

7) Where was the All India Thal Sainik Camp 2025 organized?

ANSWER:-- Delhi.

8)  Recently, in which city was the first overseas campus of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad inaugurated(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- Dubai.

9) In which country was India’s first foreign Atal Innovation Centre launched(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- Abu Dhabi.

10)In which city did India launch SAJEX 2025 to strengthen the jewelry trade?

ANSWER:-- Jeddah.

11) Which city has recently been recognized as a Ramsar Wetland City(Sept2025)?    

ANSWER:-- Udaipur.

12) In which state will India’s largest green ammonia project be developed(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- Odisha.

13) Which city launched the world’s first digital tribal university ‘Adi Sanskriti’(Sept2025)?   

ANSWER:-- New Delhi.

14) Which country inaugurated Africa’s largest hydroelectric project(Sept2025)?   

ANSWER:-- Ethiopia.

15) The 10th edition of Zanskar Festival will be organized in which place(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- Ladakh.

16) When was World Physiotherapy Day recently observed(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- 8 September.

17) Which city ranked first in the Swachh Vayu Survey 2025 in the category of population above 10 lakhs? 

ANSWER:-- Indore.

18) In which city will the Armed Forces organize the Combined Commanders’ Conference (CCC) 2025?  

ANSWER:-- Kolkata.

19) Pacific Reach 2025 (XPR 25) military exercise was launched in which country?     

ANSWER:-- Singapore.

20) Freedom Edge military exercise was conducted by which country(Sept2025)?

ANSWER:-- South Korea.

21)  What type of items are mainly displayed in The Aabhar Collection?

ANSWER:-- Exquisite gift items and hampers.

22) What is the duration of the National Marine Fisheries Census 2025?

ANSWER:-- 45 days.

23) What is the initial contribution to the Kunming Biodiversity Fund?

ANSWER:-- $200 million.

24) What is the Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak awarded for?

ANSWER:-- Outstanding service in police and security organizations.

25) Mukhi became the first adult cheetah born in India. In which national park was it born(October2025)?

ANSWER:--  Kuno National Park.

26) Grandidierella geetanjalae and Grandidierella khambhatensi,  belongs to which species?

ANSWER:-- Amphipod.

27) In which city is the International Dance and Music Festival ‘Udbhav Utsav 2025’ being organized(November2025)?

ANSWER:-- Gwalior.

28) Who will deploy the world’s first 3D wind data satellite system, Feilian Constellation(Nov2025)?

ANSWER:-- Stellarus.

29) When will India conduct the next All India Tiger Census(AITE) ?

ANSWER:-- 2026.

30)  Who won the title of Miss Universe 2025?

ANSWER:-- Fatima Bosch. 

31) The national forensic upgrade scheme approved in 2024 aims to strengthen scientific capabilities of which sector(NOV/DEC2025)?

ANSWER:-- Judiciary & law enforcement (Forensic science).

32) The planned cess on tobacco & pan masala under the Health Security Bill will be based on actual output only. (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- False.

33) What is the name of the joint AI platform launched by Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and Hitachi to connect students, educators, institutions and industry(NOV/DEC2025)?

ANSWER:-- MStar™ Global AI Connect.

34) Which ministry announced that a comprehensive overhaul of the customs system will be the next major focus of economic reforms(NOV/DEC2025)?

ANSWER:-- Finance Ministry.

35) As a result of the airline crisis, the government intervened by doing which of the following(NOV/DEC2025)?

ANSWER:-- Capping airfares on certain routes.

36) Which country’s leader visited India recently, strengthening trade and defence ties with commitments for a $100 billion trade target by 2030(NOV/DEC2025)?

ANSWER:-- Russia.

37) Under the quantum roadmap, India aims to capture more than __% of the global quantum software & services market by 2035.(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- 50%.

38) Which large-scale initiative aims to strengthen India’s forensic science infrastructure and capacity, as approved in 2024?(NOV/DEC2025).

ANSWER:-- National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme.

39) The recent excise amendment and cess bills aim to keep taxes on harmful goods high even after GST compensation cess ends. (True/False).(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- True.

40) Which stability-oriented government scheme or act was extended recently to the state of Manipur in December 2025?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024.

41) The roadmap for quantum economy envisions India incubating at least how many globally competitive quantum-technology startups by 2035?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- 10.

42)  Which major Indian airline caused widespread disruption in December 2025 due to mass flight cancellations after new pilot duty rules came into force?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- IndiGo.

43) Which sector is a major beneficiary of this supplementary budget — receiving dedicated allocations for cooking gas subsidy & fertiliser subsidy support?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Agriculture & energy (plus energy/fertiliser subsidy support).

44) What is the government’s target year for India to become one of the top-3 quantum economies globally?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- 2047.

45) The 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2025 — if passed — would allow automatic removal of ministers after 30 days of continuous detention for serious crimes. (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- True.

46) The supplementary budget for 2025–26 proposes raising subsidies for which of these agricultural inputs? (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Fertilisers (phosphatic & potassic and urea).

47) The recent bilateral summit between India and Russia emphasized cooperation in which of the following sectors? (NOV/DEC2025)

A) Energy & civil-nuclear

B) Defence manufacturing

C) Clean energy and critical minerals

D) All of the above

ANSWER:-- D) All of the above. 

48) As of December 2025, how much non-fossil (renewable) energy capacity did India add in the current financial year — the highest ever annual addition?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- ~31.25 GW.

49) Which India–Indonesia joint special forces exercise began in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh in early December 2025? (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Garuda Shakti 2025.

50) The government’s new initiative to evaluate India's performance across 26 global indices has been named:  (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Global Indices for Reforms and Growth (GIRG).

51) What disaster relief initiative was launched by India in response to the 2025 Myanmar earthquake?

(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Operation Brahma.

52) Under which constitutional amendment bill 2025 can a Prime Minister or Chief Minister be removed if detained for 30 consecutive days on serious criminal charges? (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- 130th Amendment Bill.

53) The additional budget request of 2025–26 includes funding for defence procurement, energy subsidy, and fertiliser subsidies. (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- True.

54) The first phase (2025–2030) of India’s Quantum Economy roadmap focuses on building scale and incubating at least 50 quantum startups. (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- True.

55) The new customs reform focus announced by the Finance Minister aims to mainly aid which of the following sectors? (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Foreign Trade & Logistics. 

56) Of the new non-fossil capacity added, which energy source contributed the largest share?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Solar power.

57) What did the government announce regarding coal-power capacity beyond 2035?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- No immediate expansion plans beyond 2035.

58) The 26 global indices under GIRG span themes including:

A) Economy & Industry

B) Development & Governance

C) Competitiveness & Social progress

D) All of the above (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- All of the above.

59) Which bill has been introduced to levy new excise duties on “sin goods” like tobacco and pan masala ahead of the phase-out of GST compensation cess?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Health Security and National Security Cess Bill, 2025.

60) According to the 130th Amendment Bill, detention must be for offences punishable with imprisonment of at least how many years?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- 5 years.

61) Which future mission by ISRO is scheduled for December 2025 — its first uncrewed test flight under the human spaceflight programme?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Gaganyaan-1.

62) As per 2025 reports, India’s installed electricity generation capacity has crossed 5,05,000 MW. (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- True.

63) The expansion of non-fossil capacity by 31.25 GW in 2025 was the lowest in the last five years. (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- False.

64) The ‘MStar™ Global AI Connect’ platform aims to accelerate innovations from labs to market — under which mission/organization oversight? (True/False)(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Atal Innovation Mission (AIM).

65) Of the new non-fossil capacity added, which energy source contributed the largest share?

(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Solar power.

66) As per 2025 reports, India’s installed electricity generation capacity has crossed 5,05,000 MW. (True/False) (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- True.

67) The ‘MStar™ Global AI Connect’ platform aims to accelerate innovations from labs to market — under which mission/organization oversight?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Atal Innovation Mission (AIM).

68) What kind of excise duty rates did the 2025 Excise Amendment propose for sin goods like cigarettes?(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- 60–70%.

69) Under SIR-2026 in Rajasthan, roughly what percentage of voter mapping completion was achieved — reducing the need for claimant documents in most polling booths 

(NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Over 97%.

70) What did the government announce regarding coal-power capacity beyond 2035? (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- No immediate expansion plans beyond 2035.

71) Which bill has been introduced to levy new excise duties on “sin goods” like tobacco and pan masala ahead of the phase-out of GST compensation cess? (NOV/DEC2025)

ANSWER:-- Health Security and National Security Cess Bill, 2025.

72) Under Gaganyaan-1, what is the name of the half-humanoid robot that will simulate human conditions onboard? (Nov/Dec 2025)

ANSWER:--

73) Which Indian cricketer’s Women’s World Cup selection was celebrated recently? 

ANSWER:-- Amanjot Kaur.

74) Which team did India beat for the Asian Games(2026) women's cricket gold?

ANSWER == Sri Lanka.

75)